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Pan India fluoride hazard assessment in groundwater
Rajarshi Saha1, Tushar Wankhede1, Ritwik Majumdar1
1Scientist, Geosciences Group, National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO, Hyderabad, India.
Journal of Hazardous Materials
|August 22, 2024
Summary
Groundwater fluoride contamination in India is widespread, posing health risks, especially to children. Arid regions show higher contamination, necessitating integrated policy measures for sustainable solutions.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Science
- Hydrogeology
- Public Health
Background:
- Fluoride (F¯) contamination in Indian groundwater is a significant environmental and health concern.
- Geogenic and geo-environmental factors contribute to the complex spatio-temporal variability of fluoride levels.
- Previous studies were often region-specific, limiting a comprehensive understanding of national-level challenges.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct a holistic, pan-India analysis of fluoride contamination in groundwater.
- To identify controlling factors and assess associated human health hazards.
- To provide data-driven insights for policymakers to develop sustainable remedial strategies.
Main Methods:
- Employed a coupled advanced geostatistical and geospatial approach for comprehensive analysis.
- Evaluated spatio-temporal distribution and identified contamination hot-spots across India.
- Assessed probabilistic health risks, including hazard quotient (HQ) for different age groups.
Main Results:
- Identified alarming fluoride contamination in multiple Indian states, with Rajasthan showing the highest average concentration.
- Nationally, 8.65% (pre-monsoon) and 7.10% (post-monsoon) of sites exceeded the safe limit of 1.50 mg/L.
- Lithology, geomorphology, soils, lineaments, and climatic conditions were identified as key controlling factors, with arid/semi-arid regions exhibiting higher contamination.
Conclusions:
- Fluoride contamination poses significant health risks, with children being more vulnerable to high fluoride concentrations (skeletal fluorosis risk) and deficiencies (dental caries risk).
- Climatic conditions play a pivotal role, exacerbating fluoride contamination in arid and semi-arid regions.
- An integrated approach, including SWOT analysis, is crucial for developing effective and sustainable solutions for fluoride mitigation.
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