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In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
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Structural basis for lipid transfer by the ATG2A-ATG9A complex.

Yang Wang1, Selma Dahmane2,3,4,5, Rujuan Ti6,7

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Autophagy-related proteins ATG2A and ATG9A are crucial for autophagosome formation. Structural analysis reveals how these proteins mediate lipid transfer, providing a molecular basis for phagophore membrane growth.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process involving the formation of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes.
  • Autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) 2A and 9A play critical roles in autophagosome biogenesis by facilitating lipid transfer and membrane re-equilibration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the cryo-electron microscopy structures of human ATG2A in complex with WIPI4 and the ATG2A-WIPI4-ATG9A complex.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying lipid transfer and membrane dynamics during autophagosome formation.

Main Methods:

  • Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to resolve complex structures.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations to investigate lipid extraction mechanisms.
  • Cryo-electron tomography to analyze ATG2A liposome-binding states.

Main Results:

  • Determined high-resolution structures of ATG2A-WIPI4 and ATG2A-WIPI4-ATG9A complexes.
  • Proposed a mechanism for lipid extraction from donor membranes.
  • Revealed a 3:1 stoichiometry of ATG9A-ATG2A, aligning ATG9A's pore with ATG2A's lipid transfer cavity.
  • Observed ATG2A tethering lipid vesicles in various orientations.

Conclusions:

  • Provides a molecular framework for phagophore membrane expansion during autophagy.
  • Offers structural insights into the coordinated lipid transport and re-equilibration essential for autophagosome formation.