[Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in autoimmune disorders]

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Radiology
• Pathophysiology

Background:

• Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a neurological condition.
• It is defined by nonspecific neurological symptoms and characteristic posterior vasogenic edema on neuroimaging.
• PRES is typically associated with acute arterial hypertension but can occur in other contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

• To summarize the key features of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES).
• To discuss the varied clinical presentations and neuroimaging findings of PRES.
• To explore the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of PRES.

Main Methods:

• Review of clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of PRES.
• Analysis of etiological factors including hypertension, autoimmune disorders, and toxic exposures.
• Discussion of the pathophysiological mechanisms involving cerebral blood flow autoregulation and endotheliopathy.

Main Results:

• PRES exhibits diverse neurological signs, both focal and non-focal.
• Neuroimaging predominantly shows vasogenic edema in the posterior brain regions.
• PRES can manifest in hypertensive patients, non-hypertensive individuals with autoimmune diseases, and those exposed to toxins.

Conclusions:

• PRES is a complex syndrome with multifactorial causes.
• Understanding the diverse triggers and mechanisms is crucial for diagnosis and management.
• Further research into the endotheliotropic effects may reveal new therapeutic targets.