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Related Concept Videos

Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
Streptococcal Pharyngitis01:27

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Trichomoniasis01:18

Trichomoniasis

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infections in the United States. This extracellular parasite primarily colonizes the lower genitourinary tract in women—particularly the vagina—and in men, the urethra and prostate. Its structural and functional adaptations enable its survival, motility, and pathogenicity within the host environment.Structural Features and Host EntryT.

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Quantitative Examination of Antibiotic Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Aggregates Using ATP-utilization Commercial Assays and Live/Dead Staining
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Quantitative Examination of Antibiotic Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Aggregates Using ATP-utilization Commercial Assays and Live/Dead Staining

Published on: February 8, 2019

Gonococcal infections.

E W Hook, K K Holmes

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |February 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Gonorrhea treatment faces challenges from rising antimicrobial resistance. Vaccine development remains crucial for controlling this widespread sexually transmitted infection.

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    Area of Science:

    • Infectious Diseases
    • Microbiology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Gonorrhea, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, has been a significant public health concern for decades.
    • The epidemic peaked in 1975, with subsequent declines offset by increasing antimicrobial resistance.
    • Emerging resistance to beta-lactams, penicillin, and tetracyclines complicates treatment.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the challenges and advancements in gonorrhea therapy and diagnosis.
    • To highlight the ongoing need for effective treatment and prevention strategies.
    • To emphasize the importance of vaccine development for gonorrhea control.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of historical incidence data and trends in antimicrobial resistance.
    • Analysis of current therapeutic options and diagnostic approaches.
    • Discussion of challenges in global gonorrhea management and future research directions.

    Main Results:

    • Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a growing problem, complicating treatment.
    • New antimicrobial agents offer effective therapy, but affordability is an issue globally.
    • Rapid diagnostic methods are emerging but require validation.
    • Gonorrhea diagnosis in women remains difficult, and the infection is epidemic worldwide.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective gonorrhea therapy is challenged by widespread antimicrobial resistance.
    • While new treatments and diagnostics are available, global access and affordability are barriers.
    • Vaccine development is a critical, albeit challenging, long-term goal for gonorrhea control.