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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Overview
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Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

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Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Subsequent T...
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination
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Discovering vaccines: the trial tale.

Vijayakumar Vinusha1, Chandrashekaran Girish2

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, 605 006, India.

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg'S Archives of Pharmacology
|August 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vaccine trials are crucial for public health, establishing immunity and preventing diseases like smallpox and polio. This review details vaccine trial designs, phases, and ethical considerations for ensuring safety and efficacy.

Keywords:
COVID-19 pandemicImmunizationPhase III trialsPublic healthVaccine developmentVaccine trials

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Vaccinology
  • Public Health Research
  • Clinical Trial Design

Background:

  • Vaccines have historically eradicated smallpox and reduced polio and measles incidence, with foundational work by Jenner and Pasteur.
  • Key historical events and regulatory acts have advanced vaccine study and implementation.
  • Recent pandemics have accelerated vaccine research, emphasizing real-time data collection and parallel processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical role and essential aspects of vaccine trials in public health.
  • To elucidate the methodologies, phases, and regulatory oversight involved in vaccine development.
  • To highlight the unique considerations of vaccine studies compared to drug trials.

Main Methods:

  • Review of vaccine trial methodologies including Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), cluster trials, and cohort studies.
  • Description of preclinical evaluations and phased clinical trials (Phase I-IV) assessing safety and efficacy.
  • Discussion of factors influencing trial design such as population, location, and endpoints.

Main Results:

  • Vaccine trials are foundational for disease prevention, immunity development, and combating infectious diseases.
  • Rigorous preclinical and clinical testing, overseen by regulatory bodies like the FDA, ensures vaccine safety and efficacy.
  • Ethical considerations, including informed consent, are integral throughout the vaccine trial process.

Conclusions:

  • Vaccine trials are indispensable for safeguarding public health by preventing illness and controlling disease spread.
  • The review underscores the multifaceted nature of vaccine trials, from initial research to post-marketing surveillance.
  • Continued advancements in vaccine research are vital for addressing current and future public health challenges.