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Related Concept Videos

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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A repressive H3K36me2 reader mediates Polycomb silencing.

Mengting Xu1, Qi Zhang1, Huanbin Shi2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

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Eaf3 in fungi reads repressive histone marks H3K36me2 and H3K27me3, mediating stable gene silencing and facultative heterochromatin formation. This reveals a key role for Eaf3 in Polycomb gene silencing pathways.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Mycology

Background:

  • Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) catalyzes H3K27me3 in animals, crucial for transcriptional repression.
  • Mechanisms of H3K27me3-mediated silencing are poorly understood in fungi due to limited characterization of PRC1 subunits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the role of Eaf3 in facultative heterochromatin formation and transcriptional silencing in Magnaporthe oryzae.
  • Elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which Eaf3 contributes to gene silencing in fungi.

Main Methods:

  • Protein interaction studies to identify Eaf3 interacting partners (Ash1, Eed, Sin3).
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to assess co-localization with H3K36me2 and H3K27me3 marks.
  • Nucleosome occupancy assays to determine Eaf3's impact on chromatin structure.

Main Results:

  • Eaf3 interacts with Ash1 (H3K36 methyltransferase), Eed (PRC2 subunit), and Sin3 (histone deacetylase co-suppressor).
  • Eaf3 co-localizes with repressive H3K36me2 and H3K27me3 loci, mediating their silencing.
  • Eaf3 functions as a histone reader for H3K36me2 and H3K27me3 marks, increasing nucleosome occupancy.

Conclusions:

  • Eaf3 is a critical repressive H3K36me2 reader in M. oryzae.
  • Eaf3 plays a vital role in Polycomb gene silencing and facultative heterochromatin formation in fungi.