Polystyrene nanoplastics significantly facilitate largemouth bass ranavirus infection of host cells

Novel pollutants nanoplastics (NPs) are widely distributed in aquatic environments and may pose a health threat to aquatic organisms. Notably, the contribution of NPs to the occurrence of viral diseases in aquatic animals remains largely uncertain. In this study, the effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on Largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV)-infected MsF cells were investigated. MsF cells took up PS-NPs in a time- and dose-dependent manner and significantly affect cell viability at an exposure concentration of 500 μg/mL. Western blot and qPCR assays indicated that exposure to PS-NPs accelerated LMBV replication in MsF cells. PS-NPs act synergistically with LMBV to disrupt the cellular antioxidant system, as evidenced by increased ROS production and decreased mRNA levels of antioxidant-associated genes. Furthermore, PS-NPs was found to exacerbate LMBV-induced inflammatory responses, as demonstrated by disturbed expression of inflammation-related factors. In addition, our results suggest that PS-NPs reduce IFN production by inhibiting the expression of molecules related to the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, thereby promoting viral replication. Collectively, our findings suggest the potential threat of NPs to infectious diseases caused by freshwater fish viruses and provide new insights for fish disease prevention and control.