Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Measuring Carbon Content in Airway Macrophages Exposed to Carbon-Containing Particulate Matters
Published on: July 12, 2024
Reply to 'The causal relationship between long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and cognitive
1Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
Abstract:
Li et al. [1] have commented on our recent paper investigating the association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) constituents and the risk of cognitive impairment [2]. They provided a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets from the European population, confirming a causal relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cognitive performance. In our reply, we employed three causal inference models, including a generalized propensity score (GPS) adjusted Cox model, an inverse-probability weights (IPW) weighted Cox model, and a trimmed IPW-weighted Cox model, to confirm the relationship of PM2.5 and cognitive impairment in our study cohort.
Related Concept Videos
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
Biological Influences on Intelligence
Human Genetics
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding
Confounding can be addressed at both the design phase of a study and through analytical methods after data...

