Grb2 Y160F mutant mimics the wild-type monomeric state dynamics and the monomer-dimer equilibrium

The Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) participates in early signaling complexes and regulates tyrosine kinase-mediated signal transduction through a monomer-dimer equilibrium. Grb2 dimeric state inhibits signal transduction whereas the monomer promotes signaling downstream. Since Grb2 dimer K_D is ∼0.8 μM, studies focused on the monomer are still challenging and require mutations or interaction with phosphotyrosine peptides. However, these mutants were never characterized considering their effects on protein structure and dynamics in solution. Here, we present the biophysical characterization of Grb2^Y160F, the first Grb2 mutant to induce protein monomerization without disrupting its native behavior in solution due to net charge modifications or interaction with peptides. We also identified that Grb2^Y160F exists in a monomer-dimer equilibrium. Grb2^Y160F ability to dimerize implies that different dimerization interfaces might regulate signaling pathways in distinct ways and raises an important question about the role of the Y160 residue in other dimerization interfaces.