Behavioral Responses to Wildfire Smoke: A Case Study in Western Montana

Area of Science:

• Environmental health
• Public health
• Atmospheric science

Background:

• Climate change is increasing wildfire frequency and intensity globally.
• Wildfire smoke poses significant public health risks, yet individual protective behaviors and risk perception are not well understood.
• Effective individual interventions are crucial for mitigating wildfire smoke exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

• To assess self-reported individual behaviors in response to wildfire smoke exposure.
• To measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations during wildfire events.
• To explore participant tradeoffs and the role of personal air quality data in risk awareness.

Main Methods:

• Study conducted with 20 participants in Western Montana during the 2022 wildfire season (June 28–November 1).
• Continuous indoor and outdoor PM2.5 levels monitored using PurpleAir sensors.
• Weekly online activity surveys and end-of-study interviews collected self-reported behavioral data.

Main Results:

• Increased PM2.5 concentrations were associated with reduced outdoor exercise and window ventilation.
• Participants reported high usage of portable air cleaners (PACs).
• Qualitative interviews revealed tradeoffs in protective decision-making and the impact of personal air quality data.

Conclusions:

• Personal air quality data and improved public health messaging are vital for wildfire smoke preparedness.
• Future research should integrate personalized air quality data and PACs into study designs.
• Addressing combined risks of wildfire smoke and heat is essential for public health strategies.