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Related Concept Videos

Magnetism01:30

Magnetism

6.3K
Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...
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Magnetic Damping01:17

Magnetic Damping

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Eddy currents can produce significant drag on motion, called magnetic damping. For instance, when a metallic pendulum bob swings between the poles of a strong magnet, significant drag acts on the bob as it enters and leaves the field, quickly damping the motion.
If, however, the bob is a slotted metal plate, the magnet produces a much smaller effect. When a slotted metal plate enters the field, an emf is induced by the change in flux; however, it is less effective because the slots limit the...
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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Eddy Currents01:25

Eddy Currents

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Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
Other major applications of eddy currents appear in metal detectors and the braking systems of trains and roller...
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Assessing the Influence of Personality on Sensitivity to Magnetic Fields in Zebrafish
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The magnetic cage.

E Nasr1, S C Wimbush1, P Noonan1

  • 1United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Campus, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, UK.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|August 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP) uses high-temperature superconductors (HTS) for its challenging toroidal field coils. Research focuses on quench protection and ensuring HTS durability in fusion reactor environments.

Keywords:
HTSREBCOSTEPmagnetquenchsuperconductor

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Fusion Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP) project necessitates advanced high-field magnet designs.
  • REBCO-based high-temperature superconductors (HTS) are crucial for enabling remountable toroidal field (TF) coils, supporting STEP's vertical maintenance strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the challenges associated with TF coils in STEP, including remountable joints, high stored energy, and spatial constraints.
  • To investigate passive quench protection strategies for TF coils to limit terminal voltage.
  • To assess the structural integrity of the inter-coil structure and the radiation tolerance of HTS materials.

Main Methods:

  • Developing passive quench protection relying on internal coil resistance and actively powered heaters.
  • Analyzing the pre-conceptual inter-coil structure for stresses and deflections under various conditions.
  • Conducting initial experiments on the impact of gamma irradiation on HTS current carrying capacity.
  • Initiating experimental programs for cold irradiation of HTS to fusion-relevant fluences and using oxygen ions as neutron analogues.

Main Results:

  • Passive quench protection may be achieved by tuning coil resistance and using actively powered heaters.
  • The pre-conceptual inter-coil structure shows acceptable performance under steady-state and preliminary fault conditions.
  • Instantaneous gamma irradiation does not negatively affect HTS current carrying capacity.

Conclusions:

  • The design of STEP's TF coils presents significant challenges due to HTS requirements and operational constraints.
  • Passive quench protection strategies show promise for managing TF coil safety.
  • Ensuring the long-term radiation tolerance of HTS materials is critical for achieving commercially relevant magnet lifetimes in fusion reactors.