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Isomerism in Alkenes

Isomerism in Alkenes

Alkenes like 1-butene and 2-butene exhibit constitutional isomerism, as they differ in the position of the double bond. Further, 2-butene exhibits stereoisomerism and exists as two distinct compounds differing in spatial arrangement.
An isomer is called cis-2-butene when the methyl groups are on the same side of the double bond, and the other stereoisomer, in which methyl groups are on the opposite side of the double bond, is called trans-2-butene. The cis and trans stereoisomers are not...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...

Isomerism

Isomerism

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Isomers can be further classified into constitutional isomers and stereoisomers. Constitutional isomers differ in the connectivity of their constituent atoms. For example, 2-butanol and diethyl ether are constitutional isomers, as they have the same chemical formula, C4H10O, but differ in the connectivity of the carbon and oxygen atoms. Constitutional isomers have different physical and chemical...

Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...

Naming Enantiomers

Naming Enantiomers

The naming of enantiomers employs the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog rules that involve assigning priorities to different substituent groups at a chiral center. Each enantiomer, being a distinct molecule, is assigned a unique name by the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) rules, also called the R–S system. The prefix R- or S- attached to the chiral centers in an enantiomer is dependent on the spatial arrangement of the four substituents on the chiral center. The R–S system...

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Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

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Published on: February 15, 2016

Asplenia in left isomerism.

Usnish Adhikari¹, Venkatesh Gurajala¹, Palanisamy Dinesh Raja¹

¹Department of Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

Annals of Pediatric Cardiology

|August 26, 2024

Summary

Heterotaxy, a condition of abnormal organ arrangement, includes left isomerism. This rare case details left isomerism associated with asplenia (absent spleen) in a pediatric patient, highlighting unusual congenital heart malformations.

Keywords:

Congenital heart disease Howell–Jolly bodies heterotaxy polysplenia

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Area of Science:

Cardiology
Developmental Biology
Medical Genetics

Background:

Heterotaxy is defined as abnormal arrangement of viscero-atrial structures, deviating from typical or mirror-imaged configurations.
Isomerism, a subset of heterotaxy in congenital heart disease, involves symmetrical mirror-imaging of paired structures across the left-right axis.
It comprises right isomerism (often with asplenia) and left isomerism (often with polysplenia).

Observation:

This report presents a rare case of left isomerism.
The condition was observed in a 4-year-old girl.
The patient presented with asplenia, an atypical association for left isomerism.

Findings:

The case demonstrates left isomerism.
Asplenia was identified as a co-occurring condition.
This presentation deviates from the usual association of left isomerism with polysplenia.

Implications:

This case expands the understanding of heterotaxy spectrum disorders.
It highlights the importance of considering atypical presentations in congenital heart disease.
Further research into isomerism and associated anomalies is warranted.