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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...
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Bone mineralisation and glucose metabolism.

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Bone biology research reveals a new bone-metabolism axis. This review covers novel endocrine functions of bone, unanswered questions, and translational challenges in the field.

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Area of Science:

  • Bone biology and endocrinology
  • Metabolic bone disease research

Background:

  • The field of bone biology has recently uncovered a novel bone-metabolism axis.
  • Understanding the endocrine functions of bone is crucial for metabolic health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the novel bone-metabolism axis.
  • To highlight new endocrine functions of bone.
  • To discuss unanswered questions and translational challenges in bone biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on bone metabolism and endocrine function.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on the bone-metabolism axis.
  • Identification of key research questions and clinical translation barriers.

Main Results:

  • Novel studies have expanded the understanding of bone's endocrine roles.
  • Several critical questions regarding the bone-metabolism axis remain unanswered.
  • Translational challenges hinder the clinical application of bone biology research.

Conclusions:

  • The bone-metabolism axis represents a significant area of ongoing research.
  • Further investigation is needed to address knowledge gaps and overcome translational hurdles.
  • Bone biology research holds promise for future metabolic disease therapies.