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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

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Nanoplatform Based Intranasal Vaccines: Current Progress and Clinical Challenges.

Ziyi Bai¹, Dandan Wan¹, Tianxia Lan¹

¹Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China.

|August 26, 2024

Summary

Next-generation intranasal COVID-19 vaccines are needed due to unsatisfactory results from viral vectored vaccines. Nanoparticle-based intranasal vaccines offer a promising alternative for effective mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords:

biomimetic inorganic intranasal vaccine lipid-based mucosal delivery mucosal immune response nanoparticle polymeric respiratory disease

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Nanotechnology
Vaccinology

Background:

Current SARS-CoV-2 intranasal vaccine development primarily uses viral vectors and protein-based platforms.
Some viral-vectored intranasal vaccines have shown unsatisfactory clinical results, necessitating alternative approaches.
Nanoparticle-based intranasal vaccines present a promising strategy for respiratory infectious diseases, including COVID-19.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the evaluation of intranasal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2.
To highlight current barriers in intranasal vaccine development.
To summarize modern nanoplatform delivery systems for intranasal vaccines.

Main Methods:

Review of preclinical and clinical studies on intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
Analysis of nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery systems (lipid, polymeric, inorganic nanoparticles).
Discussion of challenges associated with nanoplatform-based intranasal vaccine clinical application.

Main Results:

Viral-vectored and protein-based vaccines dominate current intranasal SARS-CoV-2 pipelines.
Nanoparticle-based delivery systems enhance vaccine stability, controlled release, and mucosal adhesion.
Nanotechnology offers a non-invasive yet potent defense against respiratory pathogens.

Conclusions:

There is an urgent need for next-generation intranasal COVID-19 vaccines beyond viral vectors.
Nanoparticle-based intranasal vaccines show significant potential to overcome limitations of conventional vaccines.
Further research and development are required to address challenges in the clinical application of nanoplatform-based intranasal vaccines.