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Updated: Jun 15, 2025

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
Published on: April 10, 2015
Synergistic Sr Activation and Cr Buffering Effect on RuO2 Electronic Structures for Enhancing the Acidic Oxygen
Zhongliang Liu1, Heng Liu2, Tianrui Xue1
1Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
Abstract:
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance of ruthenium-based oxides strongly correlates with the electronic structures of Ru. However, the widely adopted monometal doping method unidirectionally regulates only the electronic structures, often failing to balance the activity and stability. Here, we propose an "elastic electron transfer" strategy to achieve bidirectional optimization of the electronic structures of Sr, Cr codoped RuO2 catalysts for acidic OER. The introduction of electron-withdrawing Sr intrinsically activates the Ru sites by increasing the oxidation state of Ru. Simultaneously, Cr acts as an electron buffer, donating electrons to Ru in the presence of Sr in the as-prepared catalysts and absorbing excess electrons from Sr leaching during the OER. Such a bidirectional regulation feature of Cr prevents overoxidation of Ru and maintains its high oxidation state during the OER. The optimal Ru3Cr1Sr0.175 catalyst exhibits a low overpotential (214 mV @ 10 mA cm-2) and excellent stability (over 300 h).
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Rate-Determining Steps
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...

