Enhancing sonothrombolysis outcomes with dual-frequency ultrasound: Insights from an in silico microbubble dynamics...

Sonothrombolysis is a technique that employs the ultrasound waves to break down the clot. Recent studies have demonstrated significant improvement in the treatment efficacy when combining two ultrasound waves of different frequencies. Nevertheless, the findings remain conflicted on the ideal frequency pairing that leads to an optimal treatment outcome. Existing experimental studies are constrained by the limited range of frequencies that can be investigated, while numerical studies are typically confined to spherical microbubble dynamics, thereby restricting the scope of the analysis. To overcome this, the present study investigated the microbubble dynamics caused by the different combinations of ultrasound frequencies. This was carried out using computational modelling as it enables the visualisation of the microbubble behaviour, which is difficult in experimental studies due to the opacity of blood. The results showed that the pairings of two ultrasound waves with low frequencies generally produced stronger cavitation and higher flow-induced shear stress on the clot surface. However, one should avoid the frequency pairings that are integer multipliers of each other, i.e., frequency ratio of 1/3, 1/2 and 2, as they led to resultant wave with low pressure amplitude that weakened the cavitation. At 0.5 + 0.85 MHz, the microbubble caused the highest shear stress of 60.5 kPa, due to its large translational distance towards the clot. Although the pressure threshold for inertial cavitation was reduced using dual-frequency ultrasound, the impact of the high-speed jet can only be realised when the microbubble travelled close to the clot. The results obtained from the present study provide groundwork for deeper understanding on the microbubble dynamics during dual-frequency sonothrombolysis, which is of paramount importance for its optimisations and the subsequent clinical translation.