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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Structure of the human 20S U5 snRNP.

Nature structural & molecular biology·2024
Same author

Structural basis of branch site recognition by the human spliceosome.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2021
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Updated: Jun 15, 2025

ACT1-CUP1 Assays Determine the Substrate-Specific Sensitivities of Spliceosomal Mutants in Budding Yeast
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Branch site recognition by the spliceosome.

Jonas Tholen1

  • 1Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA tholenj@gene.com.

RNA (New York, N.Y.)
|August 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The spliceosome precisely selects exon-intron boundaries using RNA-protein complexes. This review focuses on how the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) recognizes and binds the branch site in humans.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • RNA Processing

Background:

  • The spliceosome, a large RNA-protein complex, is essential for removing introns from eukaryotic transcripts.
  • Accurate selection of exon-intron boundaries by the spliceosome is critical for gene expression fidelity.
  • Mutations in splicing factors and U2 snRNP components are linked to various human diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the current understanding of splice site selection by the spliceosome.
  • To focus specifically on the recognition and binding mechanisms of the branch site by the U2 snRNP in humans.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advances in splice site selection research in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and humans.
  • Focus on the molecular interactions and recognition events involving the U2 snRNP and branch site.
Keywords:
RNAsnRNPsplice sitespliceosomesplicing

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Main Results:

  • The U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) binds the 5' splice site (5' SS), and the U2 snRNP binds the branch site (BS).
  • The 3' SS is primarily determined by its proximity to the branch site.
  • Splicing factors recruit snRNPs, which then bind stably through base-pairing of snRNA to the transcript.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding splice site recognition, particularly branch site binding by U2 snRNP, is crucial for comprehending spliceosome function.
  • Advances in studying splice site selection in yeast and humans provide insights into disease mechanisms.