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Related Concept Videos

Group Design02:01

Group Design

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The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...
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In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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A complete procedure of testing the hypothesis about a population mean is explained here.
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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila
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When Scale and Replication Work: Learning from Summer Youth Employment Experiments.

Sara B Heller1

  • 1University of Michigan & NBER.

Journal of Public Economics
|August 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Summer youth employment programs reduce criminal justice involvement. Impacts grow with individual risk, showing effectiveness for at-risk youth and guiding public investment in human capital interventions.

Area of Science:

  • Economics
  • Criminology
  • Public Policy

Background:

  • Human capital interventions face challenges in scaling due to treatment and population variations.
  • Understanding intervention effectiveness across diverse contexts is crucial for public investment decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the robustness and scalability of summer youth employment programs.
  • To identify patterns of individual responsiveness to interventions.
  • To guide efficient public investment in social inequality reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Combined new experimental data from Chicago and Philadelphia with existing evidence.
  • Analyzed 62 point estimates across varied program scales and contexts.
  • Used endogenous stratification and cross-city variations to examine individual responsiveness.

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Main Results:

  • Summer youth employment programs consistently yield significant reductions in criminal justice involvement.
  • Program impacts scale effectively despite variations in administration, providers, placements, and content.
  • Individual intervention impacts correlate linearly with the individual's baseline risk of socially costly behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Summer youth employment programs demonstrate robustness to treatment variation and scalability.
  • Interventions showing linear growth in impact with individual risk are effective for high-risk populations.
  • Targeting interventions to the most disconnected individuals can efficiently reduce social inequality.