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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments01:30

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments

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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over short...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2025

A Random-displacement Measurement by Combining a Magnetic Scale and Two Fiber Bragg Gratings
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Signal generation in dynamic interferometric displacement detection.

Knarik Khachatryan1, Simon Anter1, Michael Reichling1

  • 1Institut für Physik, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.

Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
|August 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study analyzes the non-linear response of laser interferometers in non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM). We show that fitting a model to the time-domain signal precisely calibrates cantilever oscillation amplitude.

Keywords:
NC-AFMamplitude calibrationdisplacement detectionforce microscopyinterferometer signal

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Metrology
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Laser interferometry is crucial for precise displacement measurements.
  • In non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM), interferometry measures microcantilever displacement for force sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the non-linear signal generation in a Michelson-type interferometer used in NC-AFM.
  • To develop a method for precise calibration of cantilever oscillation amplitude.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluating the non-linear response of the interferometer to harmonic cantilever displacement in the time domain.
  • Fitting a mathematical model to the measured time-domain interferometric signal.

Main Results:

  • Increasing cantilever oscillation amplitude leads to a complex temporal structure in the interferometer signal due to spatial periodicity limitations.
  • Precise determination of all parameters governing the interferometric displacement signal is achieved through model fitting.
  • Cantilever oscillation amplitude calibration with 2% accuracy is demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • The analysis of non-linear interferometer response provides a robust method for NC-AFM characterization.
  • Accurate calibration of cantilever oscillation amplitude is essential for reliable force measurements in NC-AFM.