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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a significant global cause of vision impairment.
  • RVO results from retinal venous system obstruction, often due to thrombus formation at arteriovenous crossings.
  • Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and heart disease are established systemic risk factors for RVO.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of systemic risk factors linked to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).
  • To explore management strategies for preventing or modifying these associated risks.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on BRVO pathogenesis and risk factors.
  • Inclusion of diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hematologic conditions, hormonal factors, and thyroid disease.
  • Examination of the impact of COVID-19 and vaccinations on BRVO incidence.

Main Results:

  • Diabetes mellitus contributes to BRVO via endothelial dysfunction and thrombogenesis.
  • Hyperlipidemia and hematologic conditions significantly elevate BRVO risk by promoting hypercoagulability and vascular changes.
  • Hormonal imbalances, thyroid diseases, and COVID-19 are identified as potential contributors to BRVO development.

Conclusions:

  • BRVO arises from a complex interaction of systemic and local vascular factors, requiring comprehensive management.
  • Early identification and modification of risk factors are critical for preventing BRVO-related vision impairment.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for ongoing research into BRVO's multifactorial etiology and optimized treatment strategies.