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The thyroid foramen: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Narathip Srichaphan1, Laphatrada Yurasakpong2,3, Napawan Taradolpisut2,3

  • 1Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA
|August 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The thyroid foramen (TF) appears in 24.5% of individuals, varying by geographic location. Awareness of TF prevalence is crucial for surgeons and radiologists to prevent complications and misdiagnosis.

Keywords:
Anatomical variationMeta-analysisSystematic reviewThyroidThyroid foramen

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Radiology
  • Surgery

Background:

  • The thyroid foramen (TF) is an anatomical variation with potential clinical implications.
  • Understanding its prevalence is essential for medical professionals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze the prevalence of the thyroid foramen (TF).
  • To identify factors influencing TF presence and distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search across major databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Journal Storage).
  • Inclusion of 38 studies with 3,030 subjects.
  • Random-effects meta-analysis with subgroup and heterogeneity analyses (I² statistics).
  • Quality assessment using AQUA tool and publication bias evaluation (funnel plots, Egger's test).

Main Results:

  • Overall TF prevalence estimated at 24.5% (95% CI: 19.2-29.8%).
  • Unilateral TF in 16.9%, bilateral in 6.2%.
  • Highest prevalence in North America (31.4%), lowest in Africa (12.3%).
  • No significant age-related prevalence difference; publication bias detected (p<0.01).

Conclusions:

  • A significant global prevalence of TF (24.5%) was confirmed, with geographical variations.
  • TF's clinical relevance highlights the need for awareness among surgeons and radiologists.
  • Understanding TF prevalence aids in preventing surgical complications and diagnostic errors in imaging.