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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview01:24

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

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Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

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Lithium-associated hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

L Vandermeulen1, L Van Melkebeke2, P Sienaert1,3

  • 1University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry
|August 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Lithium use significantly increases the risk of hyperparathyroidism, affecting approximately 4% of patients. This condition, characterized by high calcium and PTH levels, is treatable with surgery or medication.

Keywords:
Lithium hypercalcemiabipolar disorderhyperparathyroidism

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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation

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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Lithium is a common mood stabilizer.
  • Hyperparathyroidism is a potential complication of lithium therapy.
  • Existing literature on this association requires synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and summarize human literature on lithium and hyperparathyroidism.
  • To determine the prevalence of lithium-associated hypercalcemia (LAHca) through meta-analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search using PRISMA guidelines (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library).
  • Meta-analysis to calculate pooled prevalence of LAHca.
  • Analysis of calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels.

Main Results:

  • Pooled prevalence of LAHca was 3.17% (total calcium) and 4.23% (ionized calcium).
  • Lithium use is linked to elevated calcium and PTH levels and increased hyperparathyroidism incidence.
  • Multiglandular disease prevalence in LAH was 51.28%.

Conclusions:

  • Lithium treatment elevates hyperparathyroidism risk, with a pooled prevalence around 4% versus 0.5% in the general population.
  • Parathyroid surgery and cinacalcet are effective treatments for LAH.
  • Evidence on lithium discontinuation for LAH resolution is anecdotal and conflicting.