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Related Concept Videos

Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

104.7K
Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
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Vicinal Diols via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: Pinacol Coupling Overview01:27

Vicinal Diols via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: Pinacol Coupling Overview

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Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig discovered the pinacol coupling reaction in 1859. It is a radical dimerization reaction and involves the reductive coupling of aldehydes or ketones in the presence of hydrocarbon solvent to yield vicinal diols.
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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

10.2K
Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
10.2K
Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement01:57

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

3.3K
Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
The reaction begins with transferring a proton from the acid catalyst to one of the hydroxyl groups, producing an oxonium ion.
3.3K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.3K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
3.3K
Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

7.8K
The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
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Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Published on: January 7, 2019

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Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reductive Depolymerization of Lignin to Value-Added Chemicals.

Zhaozhuo Yu1, Wenzhuo Kong1, Wen Liang1

  • 1Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements, Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co.,Ltd and Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China.

Chemsuschem
|August 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Heterogeneously catalyzed reductive depolymerization (HCRD) offers a promising route for breaking down lignin into valuable aromatics. This review details hydrogen transfer mechanisms and catalyst designs crucial for efficient lignin valorization and a sustainable bioeconomy.

Keywords:
BiorefineryDepolymerizationHeterogeneous catalystsLignin

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Ultrafast Lignin Extraction from Unusual Mediterranean Lignocellulosic Residues
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Last Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Lignin, a complex aromatic biopolymer, is an abundant renewable resource.
  • Its recalcitrant structure presents challenges for efficient depolymerization and valorization.
  • Heterogeneously catalyzed reductive depolymerization (HCRD) is an emerging strategy for lignin conversion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review hydrogen transfer mechanisms in HCRD of lignin.
  • To explore the interplay between hydrogen sources, catalysts, and lignin structure.
  • To highlight advancements in catalyst design for improved efficiency and selectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of various hydrogen sources (molecular hydrogen, alcohols, formic acid).
  • Examination of heterogeneous catalyst types (precious and non-precious metals).
  • Review of catalyst-hydrogen source interactions and their impact on reaction pathways.

Main Results:

  • Detailed understanding of hydrogen transfer pathways in HCRD.
  • Identification of optimal catalyst characteristics for specific hydrogen sources.
  • Comparative assessment of different hydrogen sources' advantages and limitations.

Conclusions:

  • HCRD is a key technology for lignin valorization.
  • Optimized catalyst design and hydrogen source selection are critical for process efficiency.
  • HCRD contributes to sustainable biorefineries and the bioeconomy.