An Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Estimation Programs

In the environment, the class of chemicals known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) behave somewhat differently. This review covers situations where PAHs can be 'labile' and where they can be persistent. The in-silico prediction of toxicity and the properties of selected 29 PAHs were estimated using programs developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), such as the Estimation Programs Interface (E.P.I.) and the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (version 5.1.2) (TEST), with online software such as SwissADME and SwissDock. TEST was used to estimate the LC₅₀ of the fathead minnow (with a range of 14.53 mg/L for 1-indanone and 2.14 × 10^-2 mg/L for cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene), the LC₅₀ of Daphnia magna (with a range of 14.95 mg/L for 1-indanone and 7.53 × 10^-2 mg/L for coronene), the IGC₅₀ of Tetrahymena pyriformis (with a range of 66.14 mg/L for 1-indanone and 0.36 mg/L for coronene), the bioconcentration factor (8.36 for 1,2-acenaphthylenedione and 910.1 for coronene), the developmental toxicity (0.30 (-) for 1,2-acenaphthylenedione and 0.82 (+) for 4-hydroxy-9-fluorenone), and the mutagenicity (0.25 (-) for 2-methyl-9-fluorenone and 1.09 (+) for coronene). The carbon chain and molecular weight have a significant effect on the properties of PAHs. Overall, it was found that PAHs with a lower molecular weight (LMW) have a higher water solubility and LC₅₀ value and a smaller LogKow value, whereas the opposite is true for heavier PAHs, with TEST predicting that PAHs with an MW of over 168.2 g/mol, with a few exceptions, are mutagenic. Hence, LMW PAHs have a higher potential to be in the environment but are less toxic.