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Related Concept Videos

The Vestibular System01:29

The Vestibular System

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The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.
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Equilibrium and Balance01:15

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The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation01:25

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Cardiac auscultation is a clinical skill used to assess heart function and detect abnormalities. It involves listening to heart sounds at specific anatomical locations through a stethoscope.
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The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last...
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform
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Audiovestibular Involvement in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis.

Carolina Mazeda, Susana P Silva, José Romão1

  • 1Otolaryngology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Aveiro.

Journal of Clinical Rheumatology : Practical Reports on Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Diseases
|August 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients show higher rates of sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. These audiological and vestibular issues were more common in SSc patients than in healthy individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Audiology

Background:

  • Audiovestibular dysfunction is a known complication in autoimmune connective tissue diseases.
  • Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is associated with various systemic manifestations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence and characteristics of hearing and balance problems in SSc patients.
  • To explore correlations between these issues and disease factors.

Main Methods:

  • A matched case-control study involving 35 SSc patients and 24 controls.
  • Comprehensive audiological and vestibular assessments, including the Video Head Impulse Test.

Main Results:

  • SSc patients had significantly higher rates of sensorineural hearing loss (42.9%) and vestibular dysfunction (60%).
  • Abnormal vestibular tests correlated with anti-RNA polymerase III and anti-Th/To antibodies.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic sclerosis is linked to a higher incidence of sensorineural hearing loss and vestibulopathy.
  • These findings highlight the importance of audiological and vestibular screening in SSc management.