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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry01:19

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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis
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Exploring Recent Changes to the New Urology Residency Match.

Armando Alvarez-Suarez1, Spencer Shain1, Juan Sebastian Rodriguez-Alvarez2

  • 1Department of Urology, Hofstra-Northwell Zucker School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York.

Urology Practice
|August 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Completing three or more urology subinternships (sub-Is) and taking Step 2 before applying significantly increase match rates. Geographic signaling, however, was associated with a lower probability of matching.

Keywords:
AUA MatchUSMLEpreference signalingresidency matchurology application

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Residency Admissions
  • Urology

Background:

  • The urology residency match process has undergone recent modifications.
  • Understanding factors influencing match success is crucial for applicants and programs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of recent changes on the urology residency match outcomes.
  • To identify key factors correlating with successful match rates for applicants.

Main Methods:

  • An anonymous, multiple-choice survey was distributed to candidates applying to three urology residency programs in 2024.
  • Survey data from 146 respondents were analyzed to determine correlations with match outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Applicants completing three or more subinternships (sub-Is), including their home program, had a significantly higher match rate (95.2%) compared to those completing fewer (65.0%).
  • Taking Step 2 before application submission and matching with a program where a preference signal (PS) was sent were associated with higher match rates.
  • Disclosing geographic preferences correlated with a decreased probability of matching (relative risk = 0.89).

Conclusions:

  • Completing a higher number of sub-Is and taking Step 2 early are positively associated with urology residency match success.
  • Geographic signaling appears to negatively impact match probability.
  • These findings offer valuable insights for future applicants and for refining the residency application process.