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Related Concept Videos

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Neuromuscular Junction And Blockade01:29

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The site of chemical communication between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The end of the motor neuron at the NMJ divides into a cluster of synaptic end bulbs. The cytoplasm of these bulbs consists of synaptic vesicles enclosing acetylcholine molecules, the principal neurotransmitter released at the NMJ. The region opposite the synaptic bulb that ends in the muscle fiber is called the motor end plate, which has acetylcholine receptors. Within the...
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Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...
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Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

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Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
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Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:17

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Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers induce paralysis by competitively blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the muscle end plate. Examples include pancuronium, mivacurium, vecuronium, and rocuronium. These quaternary ammonium derivatives are administered intravenously, are poorly absorbed, and are excreted via the kidneys.
Competitive antagonists prevent acetylcholine from binding to its receptor, inhibiting membrane depolarization. Without conformational changes or intrinsic...
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
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The Muscle Cuff Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface for the Amplification of Intact Peripheral Nerve Signals
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Lifting With Neuromodulators.

Joely Kaufman-Janette1, Ada Trindade de Almeida2,3

  • 1Skin Associates of South Florida, Skin Research Institute, Coral Gables, Florida.

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|August 28, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Botulinum toxin injections, known for wrinkle reduction, can now be used for advanced facial lifting techniques. By strategically targeting depressor muscles, these neuromodulators offer a non-surgical approach to rejuvenate facial structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Aesthetic Medicine
  • Dermatology
  • Plastic Surgery

Background:

  • Botulinum toxins are established for dynamic wrinkle treatment.
  • Neuromodulators (NMs) are increasingly used for non-surgical facial lifting.
  • Facial animation muscles interact, enabling lift by relaxing depressors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature and practices for facial lifting using neuromodulators.
  • To discuss techniques for lifting different facial zones with NMs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published data and expert experiences with NM for facial lifting.
  • Discussion of NM injection effects, approaches, and potential side effects.

Main Results:

  • Botulinum toxin use extends beyond wrinkles to facial lifting and shaping.
  • Significant data supports off-label NM use for advanced facial contouring.
  • Anatomic intricacies and potential side effects require careful consideration.

Conclusions:

  • Neuromodulator injections represent an advanced technique for facial rejuvenation and lifting.
  • Further placebo-controlled studies are needed for precise dosing strategies.
  • Off-label use of botulinum toxins offers new possibilities in antiaging protocols.