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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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The Synapse02:47

The Synapse

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Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
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Synaptic Signaling01:09

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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
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Electrical Synapses01:28

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Electrical synapses found in all nervous systems play important and unique roles. In these synapses, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are very close together (3.5 nm) and are actually physically connected by channel proteins forming gap junctions.
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Neuronal Communication01:28

Neuronal Communication

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Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Subcellular Fractionation for the Isolation of Synaptic Components from the Murine Brain
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Subcellular Fractionation for the Isolation of Synaptic Components from the Murine Brain

Published on: September 14, 2022

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Liquid-liquid phase separation in presynaptic nerve terminals.

Jiyoung Choi1, Nisha M Rafiq2, Daehun Park1

  • 1Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, South Korea; Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, South Korea.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|August 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) organizes proteins in presynaptic nerve terminals for signal transmission. This review explores LLPS in synaptic vesicles, active zones, and its role in neurodegenerative diseases.

Keywords:
active zone phasesendocytic zone phasesneurodegenerative diseasesphase separationsynaptic vesicle clusters

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Brain Membrane Fractionation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Assess Subsynaptic Protein Localization
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Presynaptic nerve terminals transmit signals via concentrated proteins.
  • Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a proposed mechanism for this organization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review LLPS of proteins in presynaptic nerve terminals.
  • To explore the role of LLPS in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of LLPS in presynaptic compartments.
  • Analysis of LLPS relevance in NDDs.

Main Results:

  • LLPS organizes proteins in synaptic vesicle clusters, active zones, and endocytic zones.
  • Dysfunctional LLPS is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases.

Conclusions:

  • LLPS is a key mechanism for presynaptic function.
  • Further research into LLPS offers therapeutic potential for NDDs.