Non-apical mitoses contribute to cell delamination during mouse gastrulation

During the epithelial-mesenchymal transition driving mouse embryo gastrulation, cells divide more frequently at the primitive streak, and half of those divisions happen away from the apical pole. These observations suggest that non-apical mitoses might play a role in cell delamination. We aim to uncover and challenge the molecular determinants of mitosis position in different regions of the epiblast through computational modeling and pharmacological treatments of embryos and stem cell-based epiblast spheroids. Blocking basement membrane degradation at the streak has no impact on the asymmetry in mitosis frequency and position. By contrast, disturbance of the actomyosin cytoskeleton or cell cycle dynamics elicits ectopic non-apical mitosis and shows that the streak region is characterized by local relaxation of the actomyosin cytoskeleton and less stringent regulation of cell division. These factors are essential for normal dynamics at the streak and favor cell delamination from the epiblast.