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Strain and Elastic Modulus

Strain and Elastic Modulus

The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...

Problem Solving on Stress and Strain

Problem Solving on Stress and Strain

Stress is a quantity that describes the magnitude of a force that causes deformation, generally defined as internal force per unit area. When forces pull on an object and cause its elongation, like the stretching of an elastic band, it is called tensile stress. When forces cause the compression of an object, it is known as compressive stress. When an object is being squeezed uniformly from all sides, like a submarine in the depths of the ocean, we call this kind of stress bulk stress (or volume...

Hooke's Law

Hooke's Law

Hooke's law, a pivotal principle in material science, establishes that the strain a material undergoes is directly proportional to the applied stress, defined by a factor called the modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus.

Plastic Behavior

Plastic Behavior

A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and reloaded.

Generalized Hooke's Law

Generalized Hooke's Law

The generalized Hooke's Law is a broadened version of Hooke's Law, which extends to all types of stress and in every direction. Consider an isotropic material shaped into a cube subjected to multiaxial loading. In this scenario, normal stresses are exerted along the three coordinate axes. As a result of these stresses, the cubic shape deforms into a rectangular parallelepiped. Despite this deformation, the new shape maintains equal sides, and there is a normal strain in the direction of the...

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

An Efficient and Flexible Cell Aggregation Method for 3D Spheroid Production

An Efficient and Flexible Cell Aggregation Method for 3D Spheroid Production

Published on: March 27, 2017

Cell spheroid viscoelasticity is deformation-dependent.

Ruben C Boot¹, Anouk van der Net², Christos Gogou²

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629, HZ, The Netherlands.

Scientific Reports

|August 28, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular spheroids show surface tension that depends on how much they deform. This challenges the idea that surface tension always increases with applied force in biological tissues.

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Area of Science:

Biophysics
Cell Biology
Tissue Engineering

Background:

Tissue surface tension is crucial for cell sorting and fusion.
Previous studies suggest multicellular spheroids actively reinforce surface tension under force.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the role of force duration and spheroid deformability on tissue surface tension.
Determine if surface tension reinforcement is consistent across varying applied forces.

Main Methods:

Utilized high-throughput microfluidic micropipette aspiration.
Measured viscoelastic creep behavior of NIH3T3 and HEK293T cell spheroids.
Varied applied pressures and monitored cellular retraction dynamics.

Main Results:

Larger spheroid deformations correlated with faster cellular retraction post-pressure release.
Less deformable NIH3T3 spheroids (with higher alpha-smooth muscle actin) showed slower retraction for smaller deformations.
HEK293T spheroids exhibited retraction only at higher pressures and deformations, despite increased viscosity.

Conclusions:

Spheroid viscoelasticity is dependent on deformation.
The reinforcement of surface tension at larger aspiration pressures is questionable.
Findings challenge current models of tissue mechanics and surface tension dynamics.