A population code for spatial representation in the zebrafish telencephalon

Spatial learning in teleost fish requires an intact telencephalon¹, a brain region that contains putative analogues to components of the mammalian limbic system (for example, hippocampus)^2-4. However, cells fundamental to spatial cognition in mammals-for example, place cells (PCs)^5,6-have yet to be established in any fish species. In this study, using tracking microscopy to record brain-wide calcium activity in freely swimming larval zebrafish⁷, we compute the spatial information content⁸ of each neuron across the brain. Strikingly, in every recorded animal, cells with the highest spatial specificity were enriched in the zebrafish telencephalon. These PCs form a population code of space from which we can decode the animal's spatial location across time. By continuous recording of population-level activity, we found that the activity manifold of PCs refines and untangles over time. Through systematic manipulation of allothetic and idiothetic cues, we demonstrate that zebrafish PCs integrate multiple sources of information and can flexibly remap to form distinct spatial maps. Using analysis of neighbourhood distance between PCs across environments, we found evidence for a weakly preconfigured network in the telencephalon. The discovery of zebrafish PCs represents a step forward in our understanding of spatial cognition across species and the functional role of the early vertebrate telencephalon.