Bioactive Compounds and Probiotics Mitigate Mastitis by Targeting NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Immunology
• Bacteriology
• Molecular Biology

Background:

• Mastitis, a mammary gland inflammation in dairy cows, causes significant economic losses.
• Bacterial infections trigger mastitis, leading to reduced milk yield and increased culling.
• Clinical and sub-clinical mastitis present diagnostic and management challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the role of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in mastitis pathogenesis.
• To explore how TLR activation drives inflammation via cytokine production and NF-κB activation.
• To identify potential therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway for mastitis control.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of in vitro and in vivo studies on mastitis.
• Analysis of molecular mechanisms involving TLRs, PAMPs, and NF-κB signaling.
• Investigation of bioactive compounds and probiotics for therapeutic potential.

Main Results:

• TLR2 and TLR4 activation by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) initiates immune responses.
• The TLR2/TLR4/NF-κB pathway promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine production in mammary tissues.
• Bioactive compounds and probiotics demonstrate potential in modulating this pathway.

Conclusions:

• The TLR2/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway is central to mastitis development.
• Targeting this pathway offers a promising approach for novel mastitis therapeutics.
• Effective mastitis treatments can improve dairy cow health and reduce industry losses.