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Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
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What Remote PPG Oximetry Tells Us about Pulsatile Volume?

Gennadi Saiko1

  • 1Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.

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PubMed
Summary

This study establishes theoretical foundations for remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) pulse oximetry. We derived analytical expressions for the ratio-of-ratios, enabling accurate tissue oxygenation measurement without solely relying on empirical data.

Keywords:
microcirculationperfusionphotoplethysmographypulse oximetry

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Optics
  • Physiological Measurement
  • Optical Engineering

Background:

  • Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) is used in health monitoring, but lacks established theoretical underpinnings.
  • Current rPPG oximetry relies on empirical methods, similar to traditional pulse oximetry's ratio-of-ratios calculation.
  • The analytical relationship between the ratio-of-ratios (R) and tissue oxygenation in rPPG is not well-defined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish theoretical foundations for pulse oximetry in the context of rPPG.
  • To derive an analytical expression for the ratio-of-ratios (R) used in rPPG oximetry.
  • To investigate the relationship between R and arterial blood saturation (SaO2).

Main Methods:

  • Applied perturbation approach within diffuse approximation for light propagation in tissues.
  • Derived explicit expressions for the AC/DC ratio and the ratio-of-ratios (R) for rPPG signals.
  • Simulated the dependence of R on SaO2 (70-100%) using various Red/Infrared (R/IR) light source pairs.

Main Results:

  • Obtained explicit analytical expressions for the AC/DC ratio and R in rPPG.
  • Demonstrated a highly accurate linear relationship between R and SaO2 (R² = 0.98-0.99) for multiple R/IR wavelengths.
  • Successfully extracted information about the pulsatile volume location, estimating its depth at 0.6 mm in forehead rPPG data.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides the first analytical derivation of the ratio-of-ratios for rPPG, establishing a theoretical basis.
  • The findings confirm a strong, predictable linear relationship between rPPG signal parameters and tissue oxygenation.
  • rPPG data can yield insights into microvascular dynamics, suggesting origins in the papillary dermis/subpapillary vascular plexus.