Volumetric Analyses of Dysmorphic Maxillofacial Structures Using 3D Surface-Based Approaches: A Scoping Review

Area of Science:

• Medical Imaging
• Craniofacial Surgery
• Medical Informatics

Background:

• Three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging offers superior accuracy for maxillofacial analysis in dysmorphic patients compared to 2D methods.
• A significant gap exists in establishing a gold standard for 3D volumetric measurements of maxillofacial structures using surface imaging techniques.
• Patients with cleft lip/palate (CL/P) and other syndromes often require precise volumetric assessments for treatment planning and monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

• To conduct a scoping review of existing literature on 3D surface imaging methods for volumetric analysis of dysmorphic maxillofacial structures.
• To provide an updated overview of current protocols, methodologies, and available reference data.
• To identify inconsistencies and areas for improvement in 3D volumetric analysis techniques.

Main Methods:

• A comprehensive literature search was performed across major electronic databases, yielding over 4500 articles.
• 17 relevant papers published between 2002 and 2024 were selected based on strict inclusion/exclusion criteria.
• A qualitative synthesis of protocols for anatomical area selection and volume calculation methods was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

Main Results:

• A high degree of heterogeneity was observed across the reviewed studies regarding patient populations, anatomical structures analyzed, area selection criteria, and volume calculation methods.
• The identified variations prevent direct comparison of volumetric data reported in the literature.
• Significant dissimilarities in procedural specifications were noted, impacting the reliability and comparability of results.

Conclusions:

• The current lack of standardized protocols and methods for 3D volumetric analysis of maxillofacial structures in dysmorphic patients hinders clinical consensus and scientific evidence.
• There is a critical need for the development of uniform methodologies and protocols to ensure data homogeneity and facilitate direct comparisons.
• Further comparative studies are required to validate existing methods and establish reliable 3D volumetric analysis techniques for clinical application.