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Salzmann Nodular Degeneration in Ocular and Systemic Diseases
Anna M Roszkowska1,2,3, Claudia Azzaro1, Alessandro Calderone1
1Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy.
Journal of Clinical Medicine
|August 29, 2024
Summary
Salzmann nodular degeneration (SND) presents as corneal nodules, often linked to ocular and systemic diseases. Early diagnosis and specialist collaboration are key for managing this condition and preserving visual acuity.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Corneal Diseases
- Pathology
Background:
- Salzmann nodular degeneration (SND) is a rare corneal condition characterized by distinct nodules.
- It can be associated with various ocular and systemic diseases, presenting unilaterally or bilaterally.
- While described, its exact cause remains unknown, leading to potential misdiagnosis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review predisposing conditions for Salzmann nodular degeneration (SND).
- To highlight the association between SND and ocular and systemic diseases.
- To emphasize the importance of timely diagnosis and appropriate management.
Main Methods:
- Literature review focusing on predisposing factors and associated conditions of SND.
- Clinical examination findings including slit lamp examination.
- Instrumental assessments such as corneal topography and anterior segment-optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT).
Main Results:
- SND is linked to ocular surface inflammatory conditions and prior corneal surgery.
- Associations with various systemic diseases have been reported.
- Early stages are often asymptomatic, but advanced disease can impair vision.
Conclusions:
- Ophthalmologists must consider SND in patients with inflammatory conditions.
- Prompt diagnosis and management, potentially involving specialist collaboration, improve therapeutic outcomes.
- Improving ocular surface homeostasis and corneal regularity are key treatment goals.
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