A Mild Increase in Serum Creatinine after Surgery Is Associated with Increased Mortality

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI), a prevalent postoperative complication, predominantly manifests as stage 1, characterized by a mild elevation in serum creatinine (SCr). There is yet to be a consensus regarding the association between stage 1 AKI and adverse outcomes in surgical patients. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled adult patients who underwent at least one surgery during hospitalization from the MIMIC IV database. AKI was diagnosed when the KDIGO creatinine criteria were satisfied within 7 days after surgery. Stage 1a AKI was defined as an absolute increase in SCr of 26.5 μmol/L, and stage 1b was defined as a 50% relative increase. Stage 1 AKI was also divided into transient and persistent substages based on whether the AKI recovered within 48 h after onset. The association between stage 1 AKI and its substages and in-hospital mortality was evaluated. Results: Among 49,928 patients enrolled, 9755 (19.5%) developed AKI within 7 days after surgery, of which 7659 (78.5%) presented with stage 1 AKI. The median follow-up was 369 (367, 372) days. Stage 1 AKI was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality after adjustment (aHR, 2.73; 95% CI, 2.29, 3.26). Subgroup analyses showed that the risk of stage 1 AKI on in-hospital mortality was attenuated by age ≥ 65 years (p for interaction = 0.017) or a baseline eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m² (p for interaction = 0.001). Compared with non-AKI, patients with stage 1b (aHR, 3.06; 95% CI, 2.56, 3.66) and persistent stage 1 (aHR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.61, 2.57) AKI had an increased risk of in-hospital mortality; however, this risk was not significant in those with stage 1a (aHR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.68, 1.51) and transient stage 1 (aHR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.79, 1.57) AKI. Conclusions: Stage 1 AKI exhibits an independent correlation with a heightened mortality risk among surgical patients. Consequently, a tailored adaptation of the KDIGO AKI classification may be necessitated for the surgical population, particularly those presenting with decreased baseline kidney function.