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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Third Law of Thermodynamics02:38

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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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Frost Action on Concrete01:27

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Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
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Hot Weather Concreting01:20

Hot Weather Concreting

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Concreting at elevated temperatures accelerates the hydration process, leading to quicker setting but potentially reducing the long-term strength of the concrete structure. Additionally, low air humidity fosters rapid moisture loss from the concrete, resulting in reduced workability, pronounced plastic shrinkage, and a higher likelihood of crazing.
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Entropy and Solvation

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
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An Optimized Encryption Storage Scheme for Blockchain Data Based on Cold and Hot Blocks and Threshold Secret Sharing.

Dong Yang1, Wei-Tek Tsai2

  • 1School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a blockchain storage strategy using hot and cold blocks to reduce node storage pressure. It also implements a threshold secret sharing encryption method for enhanced data security and privacy in blockchain applications.

Keywords:
blockchain datadata securityencrypted storagethreshold secret sharing

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Information Security
  • Distributed Systems

Background:

  • Blockchain technology faces increasing storage load due to immutable data, impacting node performance.
  • Data security and privacy are critical concerns for blockchain applications, especially in sensitive sectors like healthcare and government.
  • Existing solutions often struggle to balance storage efficiency with robust data protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel blockchain data storage strategy to alleviate storage pressure on nodes.
  • To develop an advanced encryption mechanism for securing blockchain data and protecting user privacy.
  • To enhance the overall security and efficiency of blockchain systems.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented a hot and cold block mechanism with a block heat evaluation algorithm to differentiate data access frequency.
  • Offloaded less frequently accessed ('cold') data to external cloud storage systems.
  • Introduced a threshold secret sharing-based encryption scheme for data keys, distributing fragments across nodes and encrypting them with public keys.

Main Results:

  • Significantly reduced storage pressure on blockchain nodes by optimizing data placement.
  • Enhanced data security by fragmenting and distributing encryption keys, increasing attacker costs.
  • Mitigated vulnerabilities like weak password attacks through secure key management integrated with block data.
  • Demonstrated efficient encrypted storage and reduced storage load through experimental validation.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed hot and cold block strategy effectively manages blockchain storage load.
  • The threshold secret sharing encryption mechanism provides robust security for sensitive blockchain data.
  • The integrated approach enhances both storage efficiency and data security in blockchain systems, making it suitable for critical applications.