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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

279
The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
279
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

179
Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
179
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

329
Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
329
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

762
Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
762
Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters01:22

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters

245
The physicochemical characteristics of drugs play a crucial role in formulating stable and bioavailable drug products. The solubility of a drug, governed by the varying pH along the GI tract and its dissociation constant (pKa), is pivotal in determining its ionization state and absorption rate. Notably, weak acids and bases remain unionized and are absorbed more rapidly.
Enhanced drug absorption can be achieved by reducing particle sizes and increasing surface areas, thereby facilitating...
245
Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport01:23

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

476
Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
However, most drugs use the transcellular route, traversing directly through the cell membranes via two mechanisms: passive and active transport. Passive...
476

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Macrocycle-Based Supramolecular Drug Delivery Systems: A Concise Review.

Yanrui Yang1, Pengcheng Li1, Haibo Feng2

  • 1College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Ethnic Medicine Processing and Preparation on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
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Macrocycles offer novel supramolecular drug delivery systems for enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity. This review highlights their properties and applications in drug delivery, noting current limitations.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background:

  • Efficient drug delivery is crucial for reducing toxicity and enhancing therapeutic outcomes.
  • Macrocycles, including crown ethers, cyclodextrins, cucurbit[n]urils, calix[n]arenes, and pillar[n]arenes, possess unique structural and chemical properties.
  • These properties make them promising candidates for advanced drug and gene delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current applications of macrocycles in supramolecular drug delivery systems.
  • To discuss the advantages offered by macrocycles, such as unique cavity structures, biocompatibility, and stability.
  • To identify the main limitations hindering the broader implementation of these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on macrocycles and supramolecular drug delivery.
  • Analysis of the properties of various macrocyclic compounds relevant to drug encapsulation and release.
  • Synthesis and characterization of supramolecular drug delivery systems utilizing macrocycles (as described in cited literature).

Main Results:

  • Macrocycles enable the design of supramolecular systems that can improve the physical and chemical properties of therapeutic agents.
  • Specific macrocycles demonstrate tailored interactions for effective loading and controlled release of drugs or genes.
  • Diverse supramolecular architectures can be constructed using macrocycles to target specific sites or cells.

Conclusions:

  • Macrocycles represent a versatile platform for developing innovative supramolecular drug delivery systems.
  • Their unique characteristics offer significant potential for improving drug efficacy and patient safety.
  • Further research is needed to overcome existing limitations and fully realize the therapeutic potential of macrocyclic-based delivery systems.