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  • 1Department of Electronics and Informatics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 29, 2024
PubMed
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This study introduces a new direct time-of-flight pixel using single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensors. It effectively suppresses ambient light for reliable laser pulse detection, even in bright conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Machine Vision
  • Sensor Technology
  • Optical Sensing

Background:

  • Emerging need for low-power, high-resolution, and ambient-light-robust time-of-flight (ToF) sensing.
  • Limitations of current ToF technologies in high ambient light environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate a novel direct time-of-flight pixel design.
  • To address challenges of ambient light interference and power consumption in ToF sensing.
  • To enhance image resolution and operational reliability in machine vision applications.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a direct time-of-flight pixel utilizing single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensors.
  • Implementation of an in-pixel averaging method for ambient light suppression.
  • Utilizing orthogonal sinusoidal signals synchronized with a pulsed laser source to determine arrival time via phase detection.
Keywords:
3D imagingdepth sensingdirect time of flight (dToF)light detection and ranging (LiDAR)single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)time of flight (ToF)

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  • Analytical and statistical modeling to assess phase error and arrival time precision.
  • Fabrication and characterization of a proof-of-concept pixel array prototype.

    • Main Results:

    • Pixel simulation demonstrated phase precision below 1% of the detection range at an ambient-to-signal ratio of 120.
    • The fabricated prototype consumed an average of 40 μW of power during operation with ambient light.
    • The system proved effective in operating under varying ambient light conditions.
    • The proposed pixel design shows potential for customization for specific application needs.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel SPAD-based direct time-of-flight pixel effectively suppresses ambient light and achieves high precision.
    • The low power consumption and robust performance make it suitable for advanced machine vision and sensing.
    • The technology offers a promising alternative to existing direct time-of-flight solutions, with adaptable characteristics for diverse applications.