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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Immune Dynamics, Omicron Specificity, and Predictive Modeling in Vaccinated Populations.

Xiaohan Zhang1,2, Mansheng Li1, Nana Zhang3

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Understanding SARS-CoV-2 evolution and immunity is key. Hybrid vaccines show promise against variants, but ongoing monitoring is crucial for public health strategies.

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SARS‐CoV‐2evolutionneutralizing antibodyprevalenceproteomics

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Host immunity, vaccination, and prior infection significantly influence SARS-CoV-2 spread dynamics.
  • The co-evolution of viral mutations, ACE2 receptor binding, and neutralizing antibody responses is critical for understanding variant impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the co-evolution of SARS-CoV-2 mutations, ACE2 binding, and neutralizing antibody responses in vaccinated humans and mice.
  • To reveal the relationship between vaccine efficacy, type, dosage, duration, and immune protection against different variants.
  • To introduce a novel model, the Prevalence Score (P-Score), for predicting variant prevalence in vaccinated populations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 mutation, ACE2 binding, and neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses.
  • Evaluation of vaccine efficacy across different types, dosages, and post-vaccination durations in 822 human and mouse subjects.
  • Development and validation of the Prevalence Score (P-Score) model.

Main Results:

  • Immune protection against non-Omicron and Omicron variants co-evolved with genetic mutations and vaccination status.
  • Hybrid vaccination (wild-type inactivated + Omicron BA.4/5 mRNA) demonstrated potential broad protection, though EG.5.1 remains a risk.
  • The P-Score model showed superior predictive capability for new variant prevalence in vaccinated individuals compared to existing models.

Conclusions:

  • Findings enhance understanding of population immunity variations in response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection.
  • Insights support the development of more effective future vaccines and refined public health strategies.
  • Hybrid vaccination strategies may offer broader protection, but continuous surveillance for emerging variants is essential.