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Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Three-dimensional Confocal Analysis of Microglia/macrophage Markers of Polarization in Experimental Brain Injury

Three-dimensional Confocal Analysis of Microglia/macrophage Markers of Polarization in Experimental Brain Injury

Published on: September 4, 2013

Role of Microglia in Stroke.

Raffaela Cipriani¹, Maria Domerq^1,2, Abraham Martín^3,4

¹Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.

Advances in Neurobiology

|August 29, 2024

Summary

Ischemic stroke, a brain blood supply interruption, involves inflammation and microglia. This chapter explores how microglia impact stroke injury and recovery, and how stroke affects their function and survival.

Keywords:

Cerebral ischemia MMPs Microglia Phagocytosis Postischemic inflammation Pro-inflammatory cytokines ROS Trophic factor

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Three-dimensional Confocal Analysis of Microglia/macrophage Markers of Polarization in Experimental Brain Injury

Three-dimensional Confocal Analysis of Microglia/macrophage Markers of Polarization in Experimental Brain Injury

Published on: September 4, 2013

Characterization and Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Density Gradient Centrifugation

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Published on: February 16, 2018

A Cell Culture Model for Studying the Role of Neuron-Glia Interactions in Ischemia

A Cell Culture Model for Studying the Role of Neuron-Glia Interactions in Ischemia

Published on: November 14, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Pathology
Immunology

Background:

Ischemic stroke is a brain pathology due to interrupted blood supply, causing neurological deficits.
Inflammation significantly impacts stroke injury and recovery, with activated microglia playing a key role.
Microglia are crucial cellular components of the inflammatory response following stroke.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss the nature of the inflammatory response in brain ischemia.
To examine the contribution of microglia to both injury and regeneration after stroke.
To analyze how ischemic stroke directly affects microglia functions and survival.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of current research on neuroinflammation and ischemic stroke.
Analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms of microglial activation and function in stroke models.
Examination of the temporal dynamics of microglial response post-stroke.

Main Results:

Inflammation exacerbates ischemic brain injury in the acute phase.
Microglia contribute to both detrimental and beneficial processes in stroke recovery.
Ischemic stroke alters microglial phenotype, function, and survival.

Conclusions:

Understanding microglial roles is critical for developing targeted stroke therapies.
Modulating microglial activity presents a promising therapeutic avenue for stroke management.
Further research is needed to elucidate the complex interactions between stroke and microglia.