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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

7.8K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
286
Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

926
Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Rapid Detection of Respiratory Pathogens Using Microfluidic Chip
06:11

Author Spotlight: Advancing Rapid Detection of Respiratory Pathogens Using Microfluidic Chip

Published on: March 29, 2024

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Infectious Diseases.

Herman Li1,2, Niccolò Terrando3,4,5, Harris A Gelbard6,7,8,9

  • 1Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.

Advances in Neurobiology
|August 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Peripheral inflammation from infections like COVID-19 can harm the brain, affecting microglia. Targeting MLK3 and LRRK2 pathways may treat neurological issues in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND).

Keywords:
Coronavirus disease 2019Human immunodeficiency virusHuman immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorderInflammationLeucine-rich repeat kinase 2MicrogliaMixed lineage kinase 3Postacute sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Infectious Disease Neurology
  • Neuroinflammation

Background:

  • Microglia, the brain's immune cells, are implicated in neurodegeneration and can sustain inflammation post-infection.
  • Peripheral inflammation, as seen in COVID-19, impacts the neuroimmune environment, leading to microgliosis.
  • Lessons from HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) inform understanding of chronic neuroinflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss how SARS-CoV-2 infection causes neuroinflammation and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC).
  • To explore the role of microglia in PASC and HAND pathogenesis.
  • To identify therapeutic targets for PASC and HAND.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on microglial function in neurodegenerative and infectious diseases.
  • Analysis of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on neurovascular and neuroimmune pathways.
  • Examination of the role of mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) and leucine-rich repeat kinase (LRRK2) in inflammatory pathways.

Main Results:

  • Pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce neurovascular and neuroimmune inflammation, contributing to PASC.
  • Microglial dysfunction, exacerbated by peripheral inflammation, plays a critical role in PASC and HAND.
  • MLK3 and LRRK2 are identified as key regulators of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways relevant to PASC and HAND pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting MLK3 and LRRK2 pathways offers a synergistic therapeutic strategy for both PASC and HAND.
  • Understanding microglial responses to viral infections is crucial for treating associated neurological complications.
  • Combined antiretroviral therapies (cART) for HIV highlight the long-term impact of managing peripheral infections on neurocognitive health.