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Anesthesia for an infant with congenital mediastinal mass: a case report
Samar Adam1, Abdullah Baseet1, Ali Alshaiby1
1Pediatric Anesthesia Section, Department of General Anesthesia, Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Second Health Cluster, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Insights
Giant anterior mediastinal masses in infants present significant anesthetic challenges. Successful resection requires a multidisciplinary team, advanced imaging, and careful airway management for optimal outcomes in these complex pediatric cases.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Anesthesiology
- Thoracic Surgery
- Pediatric Oncology
Background:
- Giant anterior mediastinal masses in infants pose significant anesthetic and surgical challenges.
- Potential complications include cardiovascular collapse and injury to adjacent structures.
- Key principles for resection involve advanced imaging, airway control, and a multidisciplinary team approach.
Background:
Giant anterior mediastinal masses in infants are one of the most challenging cases faced in pediatric anesthesia practice. They can pose unique challenges for resection such as cardiovascular collapse on induction of anesthesia and injury to surrounding structures that maybe compressed or displaced. Principles that must be followed and kept in mind during removal of giant mediastinal mass include appropriate diagnostic imaging to define mass extent, airway control during induction, a multidisciplinary team approach including cardiothoracic for sternotomy, cannulation to institute cardiopulmonary bypass, otolaryngology for rigid bronchoscopy, preservation of neurovascular structure, and complete resection whenever possible. Our patient had a mass that weighed twice his whole body weight.
Case Presentation:
Here we present a 3-month-old Middle Eastern infant weighing 3.2 kg with a large congenital teratoma who presented to the emergency room with cyanosis and respiratory distress. During his hospital course, he underwent three procedures, two of them under light-to-moderate sedation: a diagnostic computer tomography scan followed by mass content drainage by interventional radiology (Figs. 1, 2). On the third day, he had a thoracotomy with complete tumor resection under general anesthesia with the help of an epidural for pain control (Fig. 3). The resected tumor weighed 2.5 kg, which was equal to twice the patient's total body weight (Fig. 4). After the surgery, he was extubated in the operating room and discharged home 3 days later. Fig. 1 Anterior-posterior chest x-ray showing the anterior mediastinal mass (AMM) Fig. 2 Cross-section computed tomography (CT) showing large anterior mediastinal mass (AMM) Fig. 3 Gross anatomy of the tumor before resection Fig. 4 Gross anatomy of the removed tumor CONCLUSION: Anterior mediastinal mass patients can be challenging for the anesthesiologist. They need meticulous thorough perioperative assessment to determine the extent of compression on major intramediastinal structures and to predict the complications. Planning by multidisciplinary team and discussion with the family is important. These types of cases should be preferably operated on by an experienced team in a well-equipped operation room in tertiary care institutes.
