Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

6.1K
The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
6.1K
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

3.6K
The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
3.6K
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

27.6K
Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
27.6K
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

7.9K
In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...
7.9K
Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

8.8K
Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
8.8K
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

10.0K
Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
10.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Multiomic analysis identifies glutaminolysis-dependent metabolic enhancement of immune memory utilised for vaccine development.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

BenchRep-T: A Systematic Evaluation of T-Cell Repertoire-Based Disease Diagnostics.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Pathogenesis and host response to a novel Tacaribe virus isolate in experimentally-infected Jamaican fruit bats.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Peanut allergy oral immunotherapy drives single-cell multi-omic changes in peanut-reactive T cells associated with sustained unresponsiveness.

Nature immunology·2025
Same author

Mouse lemur cell atlas informs primate genes, physiology and disease.

Nature·2025
Same author

Diverse hosts, diverse immune systems: Evolutionary variation in bat immunology.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin
11:17

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin

Published on: March 10, 2021

6.4K

Genetically and Functionally Distinct Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Locus Duplication in Bats.

Taylor Pursell, Ashley Reers, Artem Mikelov

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |August 30, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Bats possess two unique immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) loci, crucial for their immune systems. This genetic discovery may explain their resilience to viruses and role as natural reservoirs.

    More Related Videos

    Tissue Collection of Bats for -Omics Analyses and Primary Cell Culture
    15:31

    Tissue Collection of Bats for -Omics Analyses and Primary Cell Culture

    Published on: October 23, 2019

    12.2K
    Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization
    13:55

    Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization

    Published on: February 3, 2013

    18.3K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 14, 2025

    Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin
    11:17

    Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin

    Published on: March 10, 2021

    6.4K
    Tissue Collection of Bats for -Omics Analyses and Primary Cell Culture
    15:31

    Tissue Collection of Bats for -Omics Analyses and Primary Cell Culture

    Published on: October 23, 2019

    12.2K
    Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization
    13:55

    Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization

    Published on: February 3, 2013

    18.3K

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Genetics
    • Mammalian Virology

    Background:

    • The immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus is vital for adaptive immunity and antibody diversity in vertebrates.
    • Bat immune systems are understudied, yet bats serve as reservoirs for numerous viruses, including zoonotic pathogens.
    • Understanding bat IgH loci is critical for investigating their unique immunological adaptations and viral resistance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the genetic structure and function of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) loci in the Vespertilionidae family of bats.
    • To characterize the organization and expression of IgH loci in the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus).

    Main Methods:

    • Comparative genomics to analyze IgH locus organization across Vespertilionidae species.
    • Single-cell transcriptomics to assess IgH gene rearrangement, expression, and B cell repertoire in Eptesicus fuscus.

    Main Results:

    • Discovered two complete, functional, and distinct IgH loci on separate chromosomes in Eptesicus fuscus and ten other Vespertilionidae species.
    • Confirmed functional rearrangement and expression of both IgH loci in E. fuscus B cells, maintaining allelic exclusion.
    • Observed biased usage of the smaller IgH locus and differential selection of B cells and plasma cells based on IgH locus utilization.

    Conclusions:

    • Bats exhibit a unique mammalian IgH locus organization with two distinct loci on separate chromosomes.
    • This novel genetic architecture may contribute to enhanced humoral immunity and viral resistance in bats.
    • The findings provide insights into the evolutionary adaptations of bat immune systems and their role in viral pathogenesis.