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Updated: Jul 25, 2026

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Identifying optimum implementation for human papillomavirus self-sampling in underserved communities: A systematic

Olivia Mackay1, Kate Joanna Lifford2, Anahat Kalra1

  • 1School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.

Journal of Medical Screening
|August 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Directly mailing human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling kits increases screening uptake in underserved groups. Community health workers also improve access for ethnic minority and low socioeconomic status populations.

Keywords:
Human papillomaviruscervical screeningscreening uptakeself-sampling

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Gynecologic Oncology
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Cervical cancer screening uptake is suboptimal in various underserved populations, including those with low socioeconomic status, ethnic minorities, younger and older age groups, and individuals with disabilities or LGBTQ+ identity.
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling offers a promising strategy to improve equitable access to cervical screening.
  • Optimal implementation strategies for HPV self-sampling in diverse, underserved groups remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the most effective methods for implementing HPV self-sampling to enhance screening participation among underserved populations.
  • To synthesize evidence on various HPV self-sampling delivery strategies and their impact on screening uptake.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across six databases up to May 2023.
  • Studies comparing different HPV self-sampling implementation strategies against standard screening pathways in underserved groups were included.
  • A narrative synthesis approach was employed to analyze the findings.

Main Results:

  • Directly mailing HPV self-sampling kits demonstrated higher screening uptake compared to standard clinician-based methods, particularly in low socioeconomic status, ethnic minority, and older women.
  • Strategies involving community health workers or educational materials significantly increased screening uptake in ethnic minority and low socioeconomic status groups.
  • Overall, offering HPV self-sampling resulted in greater uptake than traditional screening pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Directly mailing HPV self-sampling kits is a viable strategy to boost screening rates among low socioeconomic status, ethnic minority, and older women.
  • Community health worker-led HPV self-sampling initiatives should be considered to improve access for ethnic minority and low socioeconomic status groups.
  • Further research is warranted to understand the preferences of younger women regarding HPV self-sampling methods.