Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

765
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
765
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

476
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
476
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

1.7K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
1.7K
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

562
Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
562
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

44.2K
Overview
44.2K
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

72.3K
Overview
72.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Virus-like antigen display delivers a stand-alone danger signal through the BCR that circumvents tolerance.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

A VLP-based immunogen that elicits selective anti-Myostatin antibodies, enhances muscle mass and strength, and reduces adiposity.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

A Comparative Evaluation of Adjuvants for Enhancing Antibody Responses to a Nanoparticle-Based Malaria Vaccine.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Molecular mechanisms for direct sensing of virus-like antigens by B cells.

International immunology·2025
Same author

Immunization with VLP-based vaccines induces high IgG antibody titers in dermal interstitial fluid.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Virus-like particle vaccines targeting a key epitope in circumsporozoite protein provide sterilizing immunity against malaria.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
08:32

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

10.5K

An Integrated Signaling Threshold Initiates IgG Response toward Virus-like Immunogens.

Wei-Yun Wholey1, Alexander R Meyer1, Sekou-Tidiane Yoda1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|August 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Foreign proteins on synthetic virus-like particles initiate neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses. Internal nucleic acids enhance immunogenicity, lowering epitope density requirements for potent IgG production without T cell help.

More Related Videos

Optimized Interferon-gamma ELISpot Assay to Measure T Cell Responses in the Guinea Pig Model after Vaccination
08:13

Optimized Interferon-gamma ELISpot Assay to Measure T Cell Responses in the Guinea Pig Model after Vaccination

Published on: January 20, 2019

21.6K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Immune Monitoring in Critical Care Patients Using Whole Blood Assays
06:03

Author Spotlight: Advancing Immune Monitoring in Critical Care Patients Using Whole Blood Assays

Published on: September 20, 2024

1.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
08:32

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

10.5K
Optimized Interferon-gamma ELISpot Assay to Measure T Cell Responses in the Guinea Pig Model after Vaccination
08:13

Optimized Interferon-gamma ELISpot Assay to Measure T Cell Responses in the Guinea Pig Model after Vaccination

Published on: January 20, 2019

21.6K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Immune Monitoring in Critical Care Patients Using Whole Blood Assays
06:03

Author Spotlight: Advancing Immune Monitoring in Critical Care Patients Using Whole Blood Assays

Published on: September 20, 2024

1.2K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Class-switched neutralizing antibody (nAb) production is crucial during viral infections.
  • The precise signals initiating nAb responses from complex virions are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the minimal biochemical and biophysical signals required for initiating class-switched nAb responses.
  • To elucidate the role of foreign surface proteins and internal nucleic acids in B cell activation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized synthetic virus-like particles (VLPs) on liposomes as a reductionist system.
  • Investigated the necessity of T cell help, TLR, CD19, epitope density (ED), and internal nucleic acids (iNAs).
  • Assessed IgG subclass production and Ag-specific IgG responses in mice post-immunization.

Main Results:

  • Surface foreign proteins on VLPs can independently initiate class-switched nAb responses, requiring CD19 but not T cell help or TLR.
  • Introduction of iNAs obviates CD19 dependence, reduces required ED, and creates potent immunogens.
  • VLPs with iNAs and low ED induced all IgG subclasses and characteristic IgG2a/2c restriction as early as day 5.

Conclusions:

  • A shared mechanism for nAb response induction exists, driven by dual signals from surface epitope density and internal nucleic acids.
  • Potent IgG production can be triggered by minimal surface antigen when combined with internal nucleic acids.
  • This study defines the signaling threshold for IgG induction in B cells using particulate immunogens.