Pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy in keratoconic eyes

To report the association between keratoconus (KC) and pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE). As secondary outcome, we explored the relation between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and topometric indexes.

Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional, case-control study. Multicentric study including patients with KC and healthy controls. Each subject underwent a complete ophthalmological visit, Placido-based corneal topography, Scheimpflug corneal tomography and spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) with the enhanced depth imaging (EDI) mode on. Linear mixed models (LMM) were employed for comparison between groups, and to examine the impact of different topometric factors on SFCT. KC stages were defined according to Belin grading.

Overall, 56 eyes from 35 KC patients and 52 eyes from 27 healthy, age- and axial length-matched control subjects were included in the study. PPE was found in 10 (17.9%) eyes from 8 KC patients, whereas was absent in all healthy controls. SFCT was statistically significantly higher in keratoconic eyes (median: 390 µm; interquartile range (IQR): 339 - 425 µm) compared to healthy eyes (median: 240 µm; IQR: 200 - 288 µm) (p < 0.001). SFCT did not differ across different KC stages and between keratoconic eyes with and without PPE.

PPE is a relatively frequent finding in eyes with KC, being present in about 1 out of 6 cases, regardless of disease stage.

What is known: Keratoconus (KC) is a corneal disorder commonly associated with other chorioretinal abnormalities. It is well known that keratoconic eyes display increased choroidal thickness, and the rare association between KC and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) has already been reported in the literature.

We identified an association between KC and pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE), a precursor or forme fruste of pachychoroid diseases, such as CSC. PPE presence is independent from corneal parameters and is observed in about 1 out 6 KC eyes.