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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Flow Cytometry-Based Isolation and Therapeutic Evaluation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in a Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer
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Immunotherapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers.

Hazel Lote1,2, Ian Chau3

  • 1The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK.

Cancer Treatment and Research
|August 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Immunotherapy offers durable responses for gastrointestinal cancers. Biomarkers like mismatch-repair deficiency (MMRd) and PD-L1 expression guide patient selection for this revolutionary treatment.

Keywords:
Anal cancerBiliary cancerCheckpoint inhibitionColorectal cancerGastrointestinal malignanciesHepatocellular carcinomaImmunotherapyOesophago-gastric cancerPD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitionPancreatic cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Immunotherapy has transformed cancer care, offering durable responses in previously terminal cases.
  • Its application in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers is an evolving field with significant potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review phase 3 clinical trial evidence for immunotherapy in various GI cancers.
  • To discuss biomarkers, clinical challenges, and future strategies for immunotherapy in GI malignancies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of current phase 3 clinical trial data for immunotherapy in GI cancers.
  • Review of biomarkers such as mismatch-repair deficiency (MMRd)/microsatellite instability (MSI) and PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC).

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapy demonstrates efficacy in specific GI cancer patient populations.
  • Biomarkers like MMRd/MSI and PD-L1 IHC are crucial for patient selection.
  • Clinical questions persist regarding perioperative use, surgical timing, and GI-specific toxicities.

Conclusions:

  • Immunotherapy is a key treatment modality for GI cancers, with ongoing research into optimizing its use.
  • Future strategies involve combination therapies to enhance checkpoint blockade effectiveness.
  • Further investigation is needed to address perioperative settings and specific toxicities in GI malignancies.