Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Downsampling01:20

Downsampling

140
When considering a sampled sequence with zero values between sampling instants, one can replace it by taking every N-th value of the sequence. At these integer multiples of N, the original and sampled sequences coincide. This process, known as decimation, involves extracting every N-th sample from a sequence, thereby creating a more efficient sequence.
The Fourier transform of the decimated sequence reveals a combination of scaled and shifted versions of the original spectrum. This...
140
Constraints and Statical Determinacy01:26

Constraints and Statical Determinacy

590
In structural engineering, the equilibrium of a system is not only determined by its equations of equilibrium but also with the help of constraints. Constraints refer to restrictions on the motion of a system. The proper combinations of constraints can minimize the total number of constraints needed to maintain a system in mechanical equilibrium. When this happens, the system is said to be statically determinate. For such systems, the unknown reaction supports can be estimated using equilibrium...
590
Directional Terms01:14

Directional Terms

8.2K
Directional terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as "inferior to" another, or a physician might describe a tumor as "superficial to" a deeper body structure. These terms often use comparative terms in pairs to trace out the relative locations of one body part to another or descriptions of body tissues like the deeper ones from superficially present with reference to...
8.2K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

5.4K
5.4K
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

3.0K
Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
3.0K
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

2.8K
2.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Analysis of Social Performance and Action Units During Social Skills Training: Focus Group Study of Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia.

JMIR formative research·2025
Same author

Examining the Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy With a Virtual Agent on User Motivation and Improvement in Psychological Distress and Anxiety: Two-Session Experimental Study.

JMIR formative research·2024
Same author

Adapting the Number of Questions Based on Detected Psychological Distress for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy With an Embodied Conversational Agent: Comparative Study.

JMIR formative research·2024
Same author

The Validation of Automated Social Skills Training in Members of the General Population Over 4 Weeks: Comparative Study.

JMIR formative research·2023
Same author

Analyzing Self-Efficacy and Summary Feedback in Automated Social Skills Training.

IEEE open journal of engineering in medicine and biology·2022
Same author

The Acceptability of Virtual Characters as Social Skills Trainers: Usability Study.

JMIR human factors·2022
Same journal

Interaction of near-wall bubble arrays with acoustic waves induced by an oscillating rigid wall.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America·2026
Same journal

Ultra-broadband underwater acoustic projector based on transverse resonance orthogonal beam (TROB) mode and acoustic matching layer technique.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America·2026
Same journal

Fine-scale quantitative analysis of bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) song shows varying stability of song types.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America·2026
Same journal

High-resolution depth estimation for multiple wideband sources in deep sea via sparse Bayesian learninga).

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America·2026
Same journal

Depression markers in speech: An approach based on tract variables dynamics.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America·2026
Same journal

The oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) alters active and diurnal calling amid vessel noise in New York City.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody
09:09

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody

Published on: September 27, 2024

423

Boundary-driven downstep induced by syntax-prosody mapping.

Kei Furukawa1, Satoshi Nakamura1,2

  • 1Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|August 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Japanese downstep is phonologically controlled, not physiologically, and is triggered by phrase boundaries, not directly by accents. This study clarifies downstep mechanisms in Japanese intonation.

More Related Videos

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

5.6K
Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
09:27

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

9.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody
09:09

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody

Published on: September 27, 2024

423
Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

5.6K
Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
09:27

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

9.9K

Area of Science:

  • Phonetics and Phonology
  • Linguistics
  • Sociolinguistics

Background:

  • Downstep in Japanese intonation is often diagnosed based on pitch height differences after accented (A) versus unaccented (U) words.
  • Previous diagnoses are confounded by pre-existing pitch lowering (F0 downtrend) and phonological phrasing.
  • Controlling for these factors is crucial for understanding the true triggers of downstep.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether Japanese downstep is directly triggered by accents or other linguistic factors.
  • To differentiate between accent-driven downstep and boundary-induced pitch lowering.
  • To clarify the phonological versus physiological constraints on pitch variations in Japanese.

Main Methods:

  • Production experiment with eight native Tokyo Japanese speakers.
  • Controlled for confounding factors by contrasting genitive and nominative case markers and adjusting measurement points.
  • Analyzed fundamental frequency (F0) contours in accented (AX) and unaccented (UX) contexts.

Main Results:

  • Observed a structure-dependent F0 downtrend in UX contexts.
  • Nominative case markers showed higher F0 peaks and greater initial lowering after accents, suggesting a boundary-boosting effect.
  • Larger initial lowering in AX compared to UX contradicted the idea of pitch compression due to downstep; downstep appears triggered by boundaries.

Conclusions:

  • Japanese downstep is phonologically controlled and triggered by phrase boundaries, not directly by accents.
  • The observed pitch lowering is not physiologically constrained but phonologically determined.
  • Blocking of initial lowering in heavy syllables is an articulatory, not phonological, phenomenon.