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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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The homogenate obtained after cell lysis contains various membrane-bound organelles that can be further separated into pure fractions by subcellular fractionation. These isolates are used to study specific cellular components, analyze localized protein activity, and are even employed in diagnostics. Fractionation is typically achieved using centrifugation methods, the most common being density-gradient and differential centrifugation.
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Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Initial Evaluation of Antibody-conjugates Modified with Viral-derived Peptides for Increasing Cellular Accumulation and Improving Tumor Targeting
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Cellular Uptake of Phase-Separating Peptide Coacervates.

Anastasia Shebanova1, Quentin Moana Perrin1, Kexin Zhu2

  • 1Centre for Sustainable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 637553, Singapore.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|August 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Peptide coacervates efficiently deliver therapeutics but how they enter cells was unknown. This study reveals a novel uptake pathway combining macropinocytosis and phagocytosis features, crucial for enhancing drug delivery.

Keywords:
cell uptakedrug deliverymacropinocytosispeptide coacervatesphagocytosis

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Peptide coacervates are promising intracellular delivery vehicles for macromolecular therapeutics.
  • Their mechanisms for crossing cellular membranes are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the cellular uptake mechanisms of peptide coacervates.
  • To identify key cellular processes involved in coacervate internalization.

Main Methods:

  • Multimodal imaging
  • Data analytics
  • Biochemical inhibition assays
  • Giant unilamellar vesicle experiments
  • Electron microscopy

Main Results:

  • Coacervate uptake follows a non-canonical pathway integrating macropinocytosis and phagocytosis features.
  • Uptake involves actin cytoskeleton remodeling and filopodia-like protrusions.
  • Coacervates attach to membranes in a charge- and cholesterol-dependent manner without breaching the lipid bilayer.

Conclusions:

  • Peptide coacervates utilize a unique internalization mechanism combining fluid and particulate uptake characteristics.
  • Understanding this mechanism can improve coacervate-based therapeutic delivery strategies.